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Scratch Is a That Lets You Create Your Own Interactive Stories Animations Games Music and Art

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Programming language learning surround

Scratch
Scratch logo
Scratch Project Editor.png

The Scratch 3.0 development surroundings on startup
Image Event-driven, block-based programming linguistic communication
Starting time appeared 2003 (2003) (first prototype)
2004 (2004) (2d prototype)
15 May 2007; 14 years ago  (fifteen May 2007) (public launch)[one]
9 May 2013; eight years ago  (ix May 2013) (Scratch 2.0)
2 Jan 2019; three years ago  (2 January 2019) (Scratch 3.0)
Implementation language Squeak (Scratch 0.x, one.x)
ActionScript (Scratch 2.0)
JavaScript (Scratch 3.0)
OS Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux (via renderer), HTML5, iOS, iPadOS, and Android.
License GPLv2 and Scratch Source Code License
Filename extensions
  • .scratch (Scratch 0.x)
    *.sb, *.sprite (Scratch 1.x)
    *.sb2, *.sprite2 (Scratch 2.0)
    *.sb3, *.sprite3 (Scratch 3.0)
Website scratch.mit.edu
Influenced by
Logo, Smalltalk, HyperCard, StarLogo, AgentSheets, AgentCubes, Etoys
Influenced
Catrobat,[ii] ScratchJr,[3] Snap!,[4] [5] mBlock, Turtlestitch

Scratch is a loftier-level block-based visual programming language and website aimed primarily at children as an educational tool for programming, with a target audience of ages viii to 16.[6] Users on the site, called Scratchers, can create projects on the website using a block-like interface. Projects can be exported to HTML5, JavaScript, Android apps and EXE files using external tools. The service is developed past the MIT Media Lab, has been translated into 70+ languages, and is used in most parts of the world.[vii] Scratch is taught and used in afterwards-school centers, schools, and colleges, also as other public knowledge institutions. As of December 2021, community statistics on the language'south official website bear witness more than 92 million projects shared past over 82 meg users, 638 million total projects always created, and more than 100 million monthly website visits.[7]

Scratch takes its name from a technique used by deejay jockeys called "scratching", where vinyl records are clipped together and manipulated on a turntable to produce dissimilar audio effects and music. Like scratching, the website lets users mix together unlike media (including graphics, sound, and other programs) in creative ways past creating and 'remixing' projects, like video games, animations, and simulations.[viii] [ix]

Scratch 3.0

User interface

The Scratch interface is divided into iii main sections: a phase area, cake palette, and a coding area to place and adjust the blocks into scripts that tin can be run by pressing the green flag or clicking on the lawmaking itself. Users may also create their own code blocks and they will appear in "My Blocks".

The stage expanse features the results (e.chiliad., animations, turtle graphics, either in a small or normal size, with a total-screen option also available) and all sprites thumbnails existence listed in the lesser area. The phase uses ten and y coordinates, with 0,0 existence the phase center.[10]

A plan to modify the groundwork and brand a graphic symbol speak, when clicked

With a sprite selected at the lesser of the staging surface area, blocks of commands tin can be practical to it past dragging them from the block palette into the coding area. The Costumes tab allows users to change the look of the sprite in gild to create diverse effects, including animation.[10] The Sounds tab allows attaching sounds and music to a sprite.[11]

When creating sprites and also backgrounds, users can draw their ain sprite manually,[ten] cull a Sprite from the library, or upload an paradigm.[11]

The tabular array below shows the categories of the programming blocks:

Category Notes Category Notes
Motion Movements of sprites like angles and position Sensing Sprites tin collaborate with the environs
Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite Operators Mathematical operators, comparisons
Sound Plays audio files and furnishings Variables Variable and Lists of usage and assignment
Events Result handlers My Blocks Certain functions created by the user defined past other blocks in defining scripts.
Control Conditionals and loops etc. Extensions Explained below

Offline editing

An offline "Desktop editor" for Scratch 3.0 is available for Microsoft Windows 10 in the Microsoft Shop and Apple'due south macOS ten.thirteen;[12] this allows the cosmos and playing of Scratch programs offline. The offline editor tin also be downloaded in previous versions, such as Scratch 2.0 and Scratch 1.4.

Extensions

In Scratch, extensions add together actress blocks and features that tin can be used in projects. In Scratch 2.0 and 3.0, the extensions were all hardware-based. Software-based extensions were added in Scratch 3.0, such as text-to-speech voices, forth with some new hardware-based extensions like the micro:fleck. The extensions are listed below.

  • Music
  • Pen
  • Video Sensing
  • Text to Voice communication
  • Translate
  • BBC Micro:bit
  • LEGO Mindstorms EV3
  • LEGO WeDo two.0
  • Makey Makey
  • LEGO SPIKE Prime
  • LEGO Heave
  • Go Direct Strength & Dispatch

Physical

  • Lego Mindstorms EV3 – control motors and receive sensor data from the Lego Mindstorms EV3
  • Makey Makey – use the Makey Makey to command projects
  • Lego Education WeDo 2.0 – command motors and receive sensor information from the Lego WeDo
  • Lego Education Fasten Prime—The main programming linguistic communication for the Lego SPIKE Prime, including motor control and receiving sensor data
  • BBC micro:fleck – utilise of a BBC micro:bit to control projects
  • Lego Heave – bring robotic creations to life
  • Become Straight Strength & Acceleration – Sense pull, button, move, and spin.

Digital

Many of the digital extensions in Scratch 3.0 used to be regular block categories that were moved to the extensions section to reduce clutter. These include:

  • Music – Play digital instruments (drums, trumpets, violins, pianos, and more)
  • Pen – Draw on the Stage with a diverseness of thicknesses and colour
  • Video Sensing – Detect movement with the camera.

New digital extensions have also been added in collaborations with commercial companies. These include:

  • Text to Speech – Converts words in a text into voice output (diverseness of voices, supplied by Amazon)
  • Translate – Uses Google Translate to translate text from 1 language into a diversity of other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Dutch, English, French, Greek, and Japanese

Users tin besides create their own extensions for Scratch 3.0 using JavaScript.[thirteen]

Code base of operations

Scratch 3.0 is a completely new JavaScript-based codebase fabricated up of multiple components such as "Scratch-GUI," now based on a library from Blockly,[14] "Scratch-VM," which interprets code, and "Scratch-Render," the rendering engine.[15] The Scratch Blocks are made using Blockly.[16]

Controversy [17]

Some users quit Scratch as Scratch 3.0 broke their projects. Many users complained that the new interface was childish.[ citation needed ]

A paper published in 2019 by NYU argues and illustrates, for coding music with Scratch, "that the music and sound blocks equally currently implemented in Scratch may limit and frustrate meaningful music-making for children, the cadre user base for Scratch."[18]

The Scratch website afterward the release of public project sharing in belatedly 2007

Scratch is used in many dissimilar settings: schools, museums, libraries, community centers, and homes.[19] [20] [8] Scratch is designed primarily for users aged 8–16, but it is used by all ages and has a sizeable adult userbase as of 2009.[6] [21] This wide outreach has created many surrounding communities, both concrete and digital.[seven] In April 2020, the Tiobe ranking of the world'southward programming languages included Scratch into the top xx. According to Tiobe, at that place are 50 million projects written in Scratch, and every month one 1000000 new projects are added.[22]

Educational users

Scratch is used as the introductory language considering the creation of interesting programs is relatively easy, and skills learned can be applied to other programming languages such as Python and Java.

Comparison of Scratch ane.iv and Scratch 2.0

Scratch is not exclusively for creating games. With the provided visuals, programmers can create animations, text, stories, music, and more. In that location are already many programs that students can use to learn topics in math, history, and fifty-fifty photography. Scratch allows teachers to create conceptual and visual lessons and science lab assignments with animations that help visualize difficult concepts. Inside the social sciences, instructors tin create quizzes, games, and tutorials with interactive elements. Using Scratch allows immature people to understand the logic of programming and how to creatively build and collaborate.[23]

Scratch is taught to more than 800 schools and 70 colleges of DAV organization in Bharat and beyond the world.[24] [25]

In higher education, Scratch is used in the beginning calendar week of Harvard University's CS50 introductory information science grade.[26] [27]

"Jumper", an example of a game created with Scratch 2.0

"Abyss", an example of a game created with Scratch iii.0

Users of Scratch are chosen 'Scratchers'. Scratchers have the capability to share their projects and become feedback. Projects can exist uploaded direct from the development environs to the Scratch website and any member of the community can download the full source code to study or to remix into new projects.[28] [29] Scratchers tin also create projection studios, annotate, favorite, and "honey" others' projects, follow other members to see their projects and activity, and share ideas. Projects range from games and animations to practical tools. Additionally, to encourage cosmos and sharing amongst users, the website oftentimes establishes "Scratch Design Studio" challenges.[xxx]

The MIT Scratch Team works to ensure that this community maintains a friendly and respectful environment for all people.[31] [32]

Educators have their own online community called ScratchEd, developed and supported by the Harvard Graduate School of Educational activity. In this community, Scratch educators share stories, substitution resource, and enquire questions.[33]

Scratch Wiki

The Scratch Wiki is a support resource for Scratch and its website, history, and phenomena surrounding information technology. Although supported by the Scratch Team (developers of Scratch), information technology is primarily written past Scratchers (users of Scratch) for data regarding the program and website.[34]

Developers

Both Scratch 2.0 and Scratch iii.0 are open source on GitHub,[35] and developers may contribute to Scratch.[36]

Events

Scratch Educators tin get together in person at Scratch Educator Meetups. At these gatherings, Scratch Educators larn from each other and share ideas and strategies that support computational creativity.[37]

An almanac "Scratch Week", formerly known as "Scratch 24-hour interval", is alleged in May each year. Customs members are encouraged to host an event on or effectually this day, large or small-scale, that celebrates Scratch. These events are held worldwide, and a listing can be establish on the Scratch Twenty-four hour period website. Scratch Week is a series focusing on Scratch activities on the Scratch website.[38]

Every Apr Fools' Day, the Scratch Team volition play pranks on users and add Easter eggs.

History

In the early 2000s, the MIT Media Lab'southward Lifelong Kindergarten group (LLK) was developing visual programming languages targeted towards children.[39] In 2003, Mitchel Resnick, Yasmin Kafai, and John Maeda were awarded a National Science Foundation grant for the development of a new programming environment for children to limited themselves with code.[40] The LLK, led by Mitchel Resnick, in partnership with Yasmin Kafai's squad at UCLA worked closely with Reckoner Clubhouses in Boston and Los Angeles to develop Scratch, grounding its pattern in the practices and social dynamics of these after-school youth centers.[40] It started equally a bones programming language, with no labeled categories and no light-green flag.[41] Similar to AgentSheets[42] Scratch employed concepts of Tactile Programming after known as blocks-based programming. Scratch was fabricated with the intention to teach kids to program.[41]

The philosophy of Scratch encourages the sharing, reuse, and combination of code, as indicated past the squad slogan, "Imagine, Plan, Share".[43] Users tin can brand their own projects, or they may choose to "remix" someone else'southward project. Projects created and remixed with Scratch are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike License.[44] Scratch automatically gives credit to the user who created the original project and program in the peak role of the projection page.[8]

Scratch was developed based on ongoing interaction with youth and staff at Estimator Clubhouses. The utilize of Scratch at Figurer Clubhouses served as a model for other later-school centers demonstrating how breezy learning settings can back up the evolution of technological fluency.[45]

Scratch ii.0 was released on nine May 2013.[10] The update changed the look of the site and included both an online projection editor and an offline editor.[46] Custom blocks could at present exist defined inside projects, along with several other improvements.[47] The Scratch 2.0 Offline editor could be downloaded for Windows, Mac and Linux straight from Scratch'south website, although support for Linux was afterward dropped. The unofficial mobile version had to be downloaded from the Scratch forums.[48] [49]

Scratch 3.0 was first announced by the Scratch Team in 2016. Several public alpha versions were released betwixt and then and Jan 2018, after which the pre-beta "Preview" versions were released.[50] A beta version of Scratch 3.0 was released on one August 2018.[51] for use on most browsers; with the notable exception of Internet Explorer.[52]

Scratch 3.0, the first iii.x release version, was released on 2 January 2019.[53]

Filetypes

In Scratch one.4, an *.sb file was the file format used to shop projects.[54]

An *.sb file is divided into four sections:

  • "header", this 10-byte header contains the ASCII string 'ScratchV02' in versions higher than Scratch 1.two, and 'ScratchV01' in Scratch 1.2 and beneath
  • "infoSize", encodes the length of the project's infoObjects. A 4-byte long, 32-fleck, big-Endian integer.
  • "infoObjects", a dictionary-format information section. It contains: "thumbnail", a thumbnail of the project's stage; "author", the username of the project'southward creator; "comment", the Project Notes; "history", the save and upload log; "scratch-version", the version of Scratch used to save the file;
  • "contents", an object tabular array with the Stage as the root.[55] All objects in the program are stored here as references.[56]

Scratch 2.0 uses the *.sb2 file format. These are nil files containing a .json file as well as the contents of the Scratch project including sounds (stored equally .wav) and images (stored as .png).[57] Each filetype, excluding the project.json, is stored as a number, starting at 0 and counting upwards with each additional file. The image file labeled '0.png' is always a 480x360 white paradigm, but '0.wav' will nonetheless be the primeval non-deleted file.

The ScratchX experimental version of Scratch used the .sbx file format.[58]

Scratch 3.0 uses the *.sb3 format, which is very similar to *.sb2, one difference beingness the sound.[59]

Older versions

Scratch two.0 development surroundings and its dissimilar areas at startup

Although the main Scratch website now runs only the current version (Scratch 3.0), the offline editors for Scratch 2.0 (and the earlier Scratch 1.4) are nevertheless bachelor for download[60] and can be used to create and run games locally. [61] It is notwithstanding possible to upload projects from the Scratch 2.0 launcher, which are immediately converted into Scratch 3.0 when uploaded to the master site.[62] There is besides an offline version of Scratch 3.0.

Technology

The editor of Scratch one.four and beneath was written in Squeak, while its online project viewer was written in Java, and a player written in Adobe Flash was after added.[63] [64] Scratch ii.0 relied on Adobe Flash for the online version, and Adobe AIR for the offline editor. These have fallen out of favor, and Adobe has dropped support for them at the finish of 2020.[65] [66]

Interface

A script that lets the sprite say Hello, World! so stops the script in Scratch two.0

In Scratch 2.0, the phase area is on the left side, with the programming blocks palette in the middle the coding area on the correct. Extensions are in the "More blocks" section of the palette.[21]

The blocks palette in Scratch 2.0 is made of detached sections that are not scrollable from one to the adjacent; the table below shows the different sections:

Category Notes Category Notes
Motion Moves and changes position of sprites Events Consequence handlers
Looks Controls the visuals of the sprite Control Conditionals and loops
Sound Audio files, sequences Sensing Sprite interaction
Pen Depict on the canvas Operators Mathematical operators
Information Variables and arrays More Blocks Functions, return value is ever void

1.four sounds

Scratch ii.0 changed how sounds were imported, so many Scratch one.4 sounds stopped working. (The project file was changed from *.sb to *.sb2).

Extensions

An example of the Scratch 3 Extensions Page.

In Scratch 2.0, extensions were all hardware-based.

Features and derivatives

Scratch uses outcome-driven programming with multiple active objects called sprites.[ten] Sprites can exist drawn, as vector or bitmap graphics, from scratch in a simple editor that is role of Scratch, or can be imported from external sources. Scratch iii.0 just supports ane-dimensional arrays, known as "lists", and floating-point scalars and strings are supported, merely with limited string manipulation ability. At that place is a strong contrast between the powerful multimedia functions and multi-threaded programming mode and the rather express telescopic of the Scratch programming language.

Scratch 2.0 does not care for procedures as get-go class structures and has limited file I/O options with Scratch 2.0 Extension Protocol, an experimental extension feature that allows interaction betwixt Scratch 2.0 and other programs.[67] The Extension protocol allows interfacing with hardware boards such every bit Lego Mindstorms[68] or Arduino.[69] Scratch 2.0 was implemented in ActionScript, with an experimental JavaScript-based interpreter existence adult in parallel.[70]

Scratch 1.4 was based on Squeak, which is based on Smalltalk-80.[63] A number of Scratch derivatives[71] called Scratch Modifications take been created using the source code of Scratch i.4. These programs are a variant of Scratch that normally include a few extra blocks or changes to the GUI.[72] Turbowarp is a variant of Scratch iii.0 that improves the performance of Scratch by compiling projects to Javascript and allows the loading of external extensions.[73]

Snap! (Build Your Own Blocks)

A more advanced visual programming linguistic communication inspired past Scratch is Snap!, featuring first grade procedures (their mathematical foundations are called also lambda calculus), commencement form lists (including lists of lists), and starting time class truly object oriented sprites with prototyping inheritance, and nestable sprites, which are not part of Scratch.[74] Snap! (previously "BYOB") was developed by Jens Mönig[75] [76] with documentation provided by Brian Harvey[77] [78] from University of California, Berkeley and has been used to teach "The Dazzler and Joy of Computing" introductory course in CS for non-CS-major students.[79] Both of them were members of the Scratch Team earlier designing "Snap!".[80] [21]

ScratchJr

In July 2014, ScratchJr was released for iPad, and in 2016, ScratchJr for Android. Although heavily inspired by Scratch and co-led by Mitch Resnick, information technology is nonetheless a complete rewrite designed for younger children—targeting ages 5 through 8.[81]

Censorship

In August 2020, GreatFire appear that the Chinese government had blocked admission to the Scratch website. At the fourth dimension, it was estimated that more than 3 million people in China were using it.[82] [83] The outlet cited the fact that Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan were listed as countries on the website.[82] [84]

Meet besides

  • Blockly, interface used by Scratch to make the code blocks
  • Lawmaking.org
  • Programmable Cricket
  • PWCT
  • Visual programming language

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External links

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Scratch at Curlie


Scratch at Wikibooks

Media related to Scratch (programming language) at Wikimedia Commons

wunderlichwourethe.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)

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