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I Woke Up in Between a Memory and a Dream Art Drawings

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State of consciousness leading into sleep

This article is nearly the psychological state. For the musical genre, see Hypnagogic pop.

"Waking dream" redirects here. Non to be confused with daydreaming.

Hypnagogia is the feel of the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep: the hypnagogic state of consciousness, during the onset of sleep. Its opposite country is described as hypnopompic — the transitional state from sleep into wakefulness. Mental phenomena that may occur during this "threshold consciousness" stage include hypnagogic hallucinations, lucid thought, lucid dreaming, and sleep paralysis. The latter ii phenomena are themselves carve up sleep conditions that are sometimes experienced during the hypnagogic land.[i] [ ameliorate source needed ]

Definitions [edit]

The give-and-take hypnagogia is sometimes used in a restricted sense to refer to the onset of slumber, and assorted with hypnopompia, Frederic Myers'due south term for waking up.[2] Notwithstanding, hypnagogia is also regularly employed in a more than full general sense that covers both falling asleep and waking up. Indeed, it is not always possible in practice to assign a particular episode of whatever given miracle to one or the other, given that the same kinds of experience occur in both, and that people may migrate in and out of sleep. In this commodity hypnagogia will be used in the broader sense, unless otherwise stated or implied.

Other terms for hypnagogia, in 1 or both senses, that have been proposed include "presomnal" or "anthypnic sensations", "visions of half-sleep", "oneirogogic images" and "phantasmata",[3] "the frontier of slumber", "praedormitium",[iv] "borderland country", "half-dream state", "pre-dream condition",[five] "slumber onset dreams",[6] "dreamlets",[7] and "wakefulness-sleep transition" (WST).[eight]

Threshold consciousness (commonly called "half-asleep" or "one-half-awake", or "listen awake body asleep") describes the same mental land of someone who is moving towards sleep or wakefulness but has not yet completed the transition. Such transitions are normally cursory but can be extended by sleep disturbance or deliberate induction, for instance during meditation.[ citation needed ]

Signs and symptoms [edit]

Transition to and from sleep may exist attended by a wide diverseness of sensory experiences. These tin occur in whatsoever modality, individually or combined, and range from the vague and barely perceptible to vivid hallucinations.[nine]

Sights [edit]

Among the more commonly reported,[10] [eleven] and more thoroughly researched, sensory features of hypnagogia are phosphenes which can manifest as seemingly random speckles, lines or geometrical patterns, including grade constants, or as figurative (representational) images. They may be monochromatic or richly coloured, nonetheless or moving, apartment or three-dimensional (offering an impression of perspective). Imagery representing move through tunnels of light is also reported. Individual images are typically fleeting and given to very rapid changes. They are said to differ from dreams proper in that hypnagogic imagery is usually static and lacking in narrative content,[12] although others empathize the state rather equally a gradual transition from hypnagogia to fragmentary dreams,[xiii] i.eastward., from simple Eigenlicht to whole imagined scenes. Descriptions of exceptionally vivid and elaborate hypnagogic visuals can be found in the piece of work of Marie-Jean-Léon, ​Marquis ​d'Hervey ​de ​Saint ​Denys.

Tetris effect [edit]

People who have spent a long time at some repetitive activeness before sleep, in item one that is new to them, may find that it dominates their imagery as they grow drowsy, a tendency dubbed the Tetris effect. This effect has even been observed in amnesiacs who otherwise have no memory of the original activity.[xiv] When the activity involves moving objects, as in the video game Tetris, the corresponding hypnagogic images tend to exist perceived as moving. The Tetris effect is non confined to visual imagery but can manifest in other modalities. For example, Robert Stickgold recounts having experienced the touch of rocks while falling asleep later on mountain climbing.[6] This can also occur to people who have travelled on a small boat in crude seas or have been pond through waves, shortly before going to bed, and they feel the waves equally they drift to sleep, or people who accept spent the solar day skiing who proceed to "feel snow" nether their anxiety. People who accept spent considerable fourth dimension jumping on a trampoline will observe that they tin experience the upward-and-downward motility before they become to sleep. Many chess players report[ citation needed ] the phenomenon of seeing the chessboard and pieces during this state. New employees working stressful and demanding jobs often study feeling the experience of performing work-related tasks in this menses before sleep.

Sounds [edit]

Hypnagogic hallucinations are often auditory or have an auditory component. Like the visuals, hypnagogic sounds vary in intensity from faint impressions to loud noises, like knocking and crash and bangs (exploding head syndrome). People may imagine their ain proper noun called, crumpling bags, white noise, or a doorbell ringing. Snatches of imagined speech are mutual. While typically nonsensical and fragmented, these speech events can occasionally strike the individual as apt comments on—or summations of—their thoughts at the fourth dimension. They oftentimes comprise discussion play, neologisms and made-upwards names. Hypnagogic speech communication may manifest as the subject field's own "inner voice", or as the voices of others: familiar people or strangers. More than rarely, verse or music is heard.[15]

Other sensations [edit]

Gustatory, olfactory and thermal sensations in hypnagogia have all been reported, too as tactile sensations (including those kinds classed as paresthesia or formication). Sometimes there is synesthesia; many people study seeing a wink of light or another visual epitome in response to a real sound. Proprioceptive furnishings may be noticed, with numbness and changes in perceived body size and proportions,[xv] feelings of floating or bobbing as if their bed were a boat, and out-of-body experiences.[16] Possibly the most common experience of this kind is the falling sensation, and associated hypnic wiggle, encountered by many people, at least occasionally, while drifting off to sleep.[17]

Cerebral and affective phenomena [edit]

Thought processes on the edge of sleep tend to differ radically from those of ordinary wakefulness. For example, something that you agreed with within a land of hypnagogia may seem completely ridiculous to you in an awake state. Hypnagogia may involve a "loosening of ego boundaries ... openness, sensitivity, internalization-subjectification of the concrete and mental environment (empathy) and diffuse-absorbed attention."[eighteen] Hypnagogic cognition, in comparing with that of normal, alert wakefulness, is characterized by heightened suggestibility,[19] illogic and a fluid association of ideas. Subjects are more than receptive in the hypnagogic state to proffer from an experimenter than at other times, and readily incorporate external stimuli into hypnagogic trains of thought and subsequent dreams. This receptivity has a physiological parallel; EEG readings show elevated responsiveness to sound around the onset of sleep.[20]

Herbert Silberer described a procedure he called autosymbolism, whereby hypnagogic hallucinations seem to correspond, without repression or censorship, whatever i is thinking at the time, turning abstruse ideas into a concrete image, which may be perceived every bit an apt and succinct representation thereof.[21]

The hypnagogic state can provide insight into a problem, the best-known example being Baronial Kekulé'southward realization that the construction of benzene was a airtight ring while half-asleep in front of a fire and seeing molecules forming into snakes, one of which grabbed its tail in its oral fissure.[22] Many other artists, writers, scientists and inventors – including Beethoven, Richard Wagner, Walter Scott, Salvador Dalí, Thomas Edison, Nikola Tesla and Isaac Newton – take credited hypnagogia and related states with enhancing their creativity.[23] A 2001 study by Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett plant that, while problems can also be solved in full-blown dreams from later stages of sleep, hypnagogia was especially likely to solve problems which benefit from hallucinatory images existence critically examined while nevertheless before the eyes.[24]

A characteristic that hypnagogia shares with other stages of slumber is amnesia. But this is a selective forgetfulness, affecting the hippocampal memory organisation, which is responsible for episodic or autobiographical memory, rather than the neocortical retentivity organisation, responsible for semantic memory.[6] Information technology has been suggested that hypnagogia and REM sleep help in the consolidation of semantic memory,[25] but the prove for this has been disputed.[26] For example, suppression of REM sleep due to antidepressants and lesions to the brainstem has not been found to produce detrimental effects on noesis.[27]

Hypnagogic phenomena may exist interpreted as visions, prophecies, premonitions, apparitions and inspiration (artistic or divine), depending on the experiencers' beliefs and those of their civilisation.

Physiology [edit]

Physiological studies have tended to concentrate on hypnagogia in the strict sense of spontaneous slumber onset experiences. Such experiences are associated especially with stage 1 of NREM sleep,[28] merely may besides occur with pre-sleep alpha waves.[29] [30] Davis et al. found short flashes of dreamlike imagery at the onset of sleep to correlate with drop-offs in alpha EEG activity.[31] Hori et al. regard sleep onset hypnagogia equally a state singled-out from both wakefulness and sleep with unique electrophysiological, behavioral and subjective characteristics,[x] [12] while Germaine et al. have demonstrated a resemblance betwixt the EEG power spectra of spontaneously occurring hypnagogic images, on the 1 hand, and those of both REM slumber and relaxed wakefulness, on the other.[32]

To identify more precisely the nature of the EEG land which accompanies imagery in the transition from wakefulness to sleep, Hori et al. proposed a scheme of 9 EEG stages defined by varying proportions of blastoff (stages one–3), suppressed waves of less than 20μV (phase iv), theta ripples (stage 5), proportions of sawtooth waves (stages 6–7), and presence of spindles (stages 8–ix).[x] Germaine and Nielsen constitute spontaneous hypnagogic imagery to occur mainly during Hori slumber onset stages iv (EEG flattening) and five (theta ripples).[11]

The "covert-rapid-eye-movement" hypothesis proposes that hidden elements of REM sleep sally during the wakefulness-sleep transition stage.[33] Support for this comes from Bódicz et al., who notes a greater similarity between WST (wakefulness-sleep transition) EEG and REM sleep EEG than between the former and stage ii sleep.[eight]

Respiratory pattern changes accept also been noted in the hypnagogic state, in addition to a lowered rate of frontalis musculus activeness.[seven]

Daydreaming and waking reveries [edit]

Microsleep (short episodes of immediate sleep onset) may intrude into wakefulness at any time in the wakefulness-slumber cycle, due to sleep deprivation and other conditions,[34] resulting in impaired noesis and even amnesia.[12]

In his book, Zen and the Brain, James H. Austin cites speculation that regular meditation develops a specialized skill of "freezing the hypnagogic process at subsequently and later stages" of the onset of sleep, initially in the blastoff wave stage and later in theta.[35]

History [edit]

Early references to hypnagogia are to be establish in the writings of Aristotle, Iamblichus, Cardano, Simon Forman, and Swedenborg.[36] Romanticism brought a renewed interest in the subjective experience of the edges of sleep.[37] In more than recent centuries, many authors have referred to the state; Edgar Allan Poe, for example, wrote of the "fancies" he experienced "only when I am on the brink of sleep, with the consciousness that I am so."[4]

The serious scientific inquiry began in the 19th century with Johannes Peter Müller, Jules Baillarger, and Alfred Maury, and continued into the 20th century with Leroy.[38]

Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist contains an elaborate description of the hypnagogic state in Chapter XXXIV.[39]

The advent of electroencephalography (EEG) has supplemented the introspective methods of these early on researchers with physiological data. The search for neural correlates for hypnagogic imagery began with Davis et al. in the 1930s,[31] and continues with increasing composure. While the dominance of the behaviorist paradigm led to a pass up in research, especially in the English speaking world, the later twentieth century has seen a revival, with investigations of hypnagogia and related altered states of consciousness playing an important role in the emerging multidisciplinary study of consciousness.[12] [40] All the same, much remains to be understood about the experience and its corresponding neurology, and the topic has been somewhat neglected in comparing with sleep and dreams; hypnagogia has been described every bit a "well-trodden and yet unmapped territory".[41]

The word hypnagogia entered the pop psychology literature through Dr. Andreas Mavromatis in his 1983 thesis,[42] while hypnagogic and hypnopompic were coined past others in the 1800s and noted by Havelock Ellis. The term hypnagogic was originally coined by Alfred Maury[43] [44] to proper name the state of consciousness during the onset of sleep. Hypnopompic was coined by Frederic Myers presently afterwards to denote the onset of wakefulness. The term hypnagogia is used by Dr. Mavromatis to place the study of the sleep-transitional consciousness states in full general, and he employs hypnagogic (toward sleep) or hypnopompic (from sleep) to identify the specific experiences under study.[45]

Important reviews of the scientific literature have been fabricated past Leaning,[46] Schacter,[7] Richardson and Mavromatis.[iii]

Research [edit]

Self-ascertainment (spontaneous or systematic) was the primary tool of the early researchers. Since the tardily 20th century, this has been joined by questionnaire surveys and experimental studies. All 3 methods have their disadvantages as well as points to recommend them.[47]

Naturally, amnesia contributes to the difficulty of studying hypnagogia, as does the typically fleeting nature of hypnagogic experiences. These issues have been tackled by experimenters in several ways, including voluntary or induced interruptions,[11] sleep manipulation,[48] the employ of techniques to "hover on the edge of sleep" thereby extending the duration of the hypnagogic state,[48] and training in the art of introspection to enhance the subject field'south powers of ascertainment and attending.[48]

Techniques for extending hypnagogia range from informal (due east.g. the subject holds up one of their arms as they get to sleep, to exist awakened when it falls),[48] to the use of biofeedback devices to induce a "theta" state – produced naturally the most when we are dreaming – characterized by relaxation and theta EEG activeness.[49]

Some other method is to induce a land said to exist subjectively like to sleep onset in a Ganzfeld setting, a course of sensory deprivation. But the supposition of identity betwixt the 2 states may exist unfounded. The average EEG spectrum in Ganzfeld is more than similar to that of the relaxed waking state than to that of slumber onset.[50] Wackerman et al. conclude that "the Ganzfeld imagery, although subjectively very similar to that at sleep onset, should non be labelled as 'hypnagogic'. Maybe a broader category of 'hypnagogic experience' should be considered, covering true hypnagogic imagery too as subjectively like imagery produced in other states."[l]

See likewise [edit]

  • Sleep onset
  • Faux awakening – Vivid and disarming dream almost awakening from sleep
  • Hypnic jerk – Involuntary twitches
  • Lucid dream – Dream where ane is enlightened that they are dreaming
  • Meditation – Mental exercise of focus on a particular object
  • Nightmare – Unpleasant dream
  • Night terror – Slumber disorder causing feelings of panic or dread
  • Segmented sleep
  • Sleep disorder – Medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person
  • Slumber paralysis – Sleep state in which a person is awake but unable to move or speak
  • Yoga nidra – State of consciousness between waking and sleeping induced by a guided meditation
  • Dream yoga – Tibetan meditation practice
  • Consciousness – About the process of subjective awareness.
  • Grade constant – Geometric design recurringly observed during hypnagogia, hallucinations and altered states of consciousness.
  • Dreamachine – Stroboscopic light fine art designed by Ian Somnerville & Brion Gysin

References [edit]

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  37. ^ Pfotenhauer, Helmut & Schneider, Sabine (2006). Nicht völlig wachen und nicht ganz ein Traum: Dice Halfschlafbilder in der Literatur. Verlag Königshausen & Neumann. ISBN 3-8260-3274-8.
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  42. ^ (Brunel University) which was later published past Routledge (hardback 1987, paperback 1991) under the title "Hypnagogia" the Unique Land of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep and reprinted in a new paperback edition in 2010 by Thyrsos Press.
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  44. ^ Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred (1865). Le sommeil et les rêves: études psychologiques sur ces phénomènes et les defined états qui s'y rattachent, suivies de Recherches sur le developpement de instinct et de l'intelligence dans leurs rapports avec le phénomène du sommeil. Paris: Didier.
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  48. ^ a b c d Blackmore (2003), p. 314
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  50. ^ a b Wackermann, Jiri, Pütz, Peter, Büchi, Simone, Strauch, Inge & Lehmann, Dietrich (2000). 'A comparing of Ganzfeld and hypnagogic state in terms of electrophysiological measures and subjective experience'. Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Convention of the Parapsychological Association, pp. 302–15.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Blackmore, Susan (2003). Consciousness: an Introduction. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN0-340-80909-four.
  • Mavromatis, Andreas (1987). Hypnagogia: the Unique State of Consciousness Between Wakefulness and Sleep. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. ISBN0-7102-0282-2.

Further reading [edit]

  • Warren, Jeff (2007). "The Hypnagogic". The Head Trip: Adventures on the Bike of Consciousness. ISBN978-0-679-31408-0.
  • Sacks, Oliver (2012). "On the Threshold of Slumber". Hallucinations. ISBN 978-0307957245

External links [edit]

  • "Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological phenomena?" in the British Journal of Psychiatry
  • "Hypnagogia" by Gary Lachman in Fortean Times

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnagogia

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